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  • Cohen, S., Salamin, V., Perroud, N., Dieben, K., Ducasse, D., Durpoix, A., Guenot, F., Tissot, H., Kramer, U., & Speranza, M. (2024). Group intervention for family members of people with borderline personality disorder based on Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Implementation of the Family Connections® program in France and Switzerland. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 11(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-024-00254-3
  • Courey, L., Hyndman, D., Sheasgreen, C., & McCay, E. (2021). What we know - and want to know - about Family Connections: a review from the perspective of lived experience. Current opinion in psychology, 37, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.07.029
  • Fruzzetti, A. E., Shenk, C., & Hoffman, P. D. (2005). Family interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: a transactional model. Development and psychopathology, 17(4), 1007–1030. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579405050479
  • Guillén, V., Fernández-Felipe, I., Marco, J. H., Grau, A., Botella, C., & García-Palacios, A. (2024). "Family Connections", a program for relatives of people with borderline personality disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Family process, 63(4), 2195–2214. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.13089
  • Hayes, A., Courey, L., Kells, M., Hyndman, D., Dempsey, M., & Murphy, M. (2024). Caregivers of individuals with borderline personality disorder: The relationship between leading caregiver interventions and psychological distress/positive mental well-being. Family process, 63(4), 2119–2134. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.13042
  • Hoffman, P. D., Buteau, E., Hooley, J. M., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Bruce, M. L. (2003). Family members' knowledge about borderline personality disorder: correspondence with their levels of depression, burden, distress, and expressed emotion. Family Process, 42(4), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00469.x
  • Hoffman, P. D., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2007). Advances in interventions for families with a relative with a personality disorder diagnosis. Current psychiatry reports, 9(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-007-0012-z
  • Hoffman, P. D., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Buteau, E. (2007). Understanding and engaging families: An education, skills and support program for relatives impacted by BPD. Journal of Mental Health, 16(1), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230601182052
  • Hoffman P. D., Fruzzetti A. E., Buteau E., Neiditch E. R., Penney D., Bruce M. L., Hellman F. & Struening E. (2005). Family connections: a program for relatives of persons with borderline personality disorder. Family Process, 44(2), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2005.00055.x
  • Hooley, J. M., & Hoffman, P. D. (1999). Expressed emotion and clinical outcome in borderline personality disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 156(10), 1557–1562. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.10.1557
  • Lanfredi, M., Meloni, S., Ferrari, C., Fruzzetti, A. E., Geviti, A., Macis, A., Vanni, G., Perna, G., Diaferia, G., Pinti, M., Occhialini, G., Ridolfi, M. E., & Rossi, R. (2025). Family Connections: The Impact of an Education Program for Carers of Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder in Italian Mental Health Services. Family process, 64(1), e13098. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.13098
  • Liljedahl, S. I., Kleindienst, N., Wångby-Lundh, M., Lundh, L. G., Daukantaitė, D., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Westling, S. (2019). Family Connections in different settings and intensities for underserved and geographically isolated families: a non-randomised comparison study. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 6, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-019-0111-6
  • Rajalin, M., Wickholm-Pethrus, L., Hursti, T., & Jokinen, J. (2009). Dialectical behavior therapy-based skills training for family members of suicide attempters. Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 13(3), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110903044401
  • Shenk, C. E., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2011). The Impact of Validating and Invalidating Responses on Emotional Reactivity. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(2), 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.2.163

  • Flynn, D., Kells, M., & Joyce, M. (2021). Dialectical behaviour therapy: Implementation of an evidence-based intervention for borderline personality disorder in public health systems. Current opinion in psychology, 37, 152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.002
  • Fruzzetti, A. E., Santisteban, D. A., & Hoffman, P. D. (2007). DBT with families. In: Dimeff, L. A., & Koerner, K. (Eds.), DBT in Clinical Practice: Applications Across Disorders and Settings, pp. 224–244. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Gillespie, C., Murphy, M., & Joyce, M. (2022). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review of Outcomes After One Year of Follow-Up. Journal of personality disorders, 36(4), 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2022.36.4.431
  • Gillespie, C., Murphy, M., Kells, M., & Flynn, D. (2022). Individuals who report having benefitted from dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT): a qualitative exploration of processes and experiences at long-term follow-up. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 9(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-022-00179-9
  • Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., McDavid, J., Comtois, K. A., & Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 72(5), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3039
  • Linehan, M. M., & Wilks, C. R. (2015). The Course and Evolution of Dialectical Behavior Therapy. American journal of psychotherapy, 69(2), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2015.69.2.97
  • Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annual review of clinical psychology, 3, 181–205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095229
  • McMain, S., Korman, L. M., & Dimeff, L. (2001). Dialectical behavior therapy and the treatment of emotion dysregulation. Journal of clinical psychology, 57(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:2
  • O'Connell, B., & Dowling, M. (2014). Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 21(6), 518–525. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12116
  • Ohlis, A., Bjureberg, J., Ojala, O., Kerj, E., Hallek, C., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Hellner, C. (2023). Experiences of dialectical behaviour therapy for adolescents: A qualitative analysis. Psychology and psychotherapy, 96(2), 410–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12447
  • Poon, J., Galione, J. N., Grocott, L. R., Horowitz, K. J., Kudinova, A. Y., & Kim, K. L. (2022). Dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A): Outcomes among sexual minorities at high risk for suicide. Suicide & life-threatening behavior, 52(3), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12828
  • Shogren, N. P., Tirpak, J. W., Porter, N. P., Kaplan, C., Ronzio, B., Au, J. S., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2025). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder: Emotion Dysregulation, Abuse, and Treatment Outcomes. Evidence-based practice in child and adolescent mental health, 10(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2024.2306625
  • Wetterborg, D., Dehlbom, P., Långström, N., Andersson, G., Fruzzetti, A. E., & Enebrink, P. (2020). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Men With Borderline Personality Disorder and Antisocial Behavior: A Clinical Trial. Journal of personality disorders, 34(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_379
  • Wilks, C. R., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., & Linehan, M. M. (2016). Dialectical behavior therapy and domains of functioning over two years. Behaviour research and therapy, 77, 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.013

  • Iverson, K. M., Follette, V. M., Pistorello, J., & Fruzzetti, A. E. (2012). An investigation of experiential avoidance, emotion dysregulation, and distress tolerance in young adult outpatients with borderline personality disorder symptoms. Personality disorders, 3(4), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023703
  • Gabbard, G. O., & Horowitz, M. J. (2009). Insight, transference interpretation, and therapeutic change in the dynamic psychotherapy of borderline personality disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 166(5), 517–521. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050631
  • Goodman, M., Hazlett, E. A., New, A. S., Koenigsberg, H. W., & Siever, L. (2009). Quieting the affective storm of borderline personality disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 166(5), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121836
  • Gunderson J. G. (2009). Borderline personality disorder: ontogeny of a diagnosis. The American journal of psychiatry, 166(5), 530–539. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121825
  • Gunderson, J. G., Fruzzetti, A., Unruh, B., & Choi-Kain, L. (2018). Competing Theories of Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of personality disorders, 32(2), 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2018.32.2.148
  • Gunderson, J. G., Herpertz, S. C., Skodol, A. E., Torgersen, S., & Zanarini, M. C. (2018). Borderline personality disorder. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 4, 18029. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.29
  • Gunderson, J. G., & Singer, M. T. (2022). Defining Borderline Patients: An Overview. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 20(4), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.22020017
  • Kernberg, O. F., & Michels, R. (2009). Borderline personality disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 166(5), 505–508. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020263
  • Leichsenring, F., Fonagy, P., Heim, N., Kernberg, O. F., Leweke, F., Luyten, P., Salzer, S., Spitzer, C., & Steinert, C. (2024). Borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, treatment, and current controversies. World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 23(1), 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21156
  • Leichsenring, F., Heim, N., Leweke, F., Spitzer, C., Steinert, C., & Kernberg, O. F. (2023). Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. JAMA, 329(8), 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.0589
  • Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, M. M., & Bohus, M. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet (London, England), 364(9432), 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16770-6
  • Lis, E., Greenfield, B., Henry, M., Guilé, J. M., & Dougherty, G. (2007). Neuroimaging and genetics of borderline personality disorder: a review. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 32(3), 162–173.
  • Perez-Rodriguez, M. M., Bulbena-Cabré, A., Bassir Nia, A., Zipursky, G., Goodman, M., & New, A. S. (2018). The Neurobiology of Borderline Personality Disorder. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 41(4), 633–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.012
  • Temes, C. M., & Zanarini, M. C. (2018). The Longitudinal Course of Borderline Personality Disorder. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 41(4), 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.002
  • Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., DeLuca, C. J., Hennen, J., Khera, G. S., & Gunderson, J. G. (1998). The pain of being borderline: Dysphoric states specific to borderline personality disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 6(4), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229809000330
  • Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Glass, I. V., & Fitzmaurice, G. M. (2024). The 24-Year Course of Symptomatic Disorders in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder and Personality-Disordered Comparison Subjects: Description and Prediction of Recovery From BPD. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 85(3), 24m15370. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.24m15370